Whole life carbon readiness in Europe: Insights from new INDICATE LIFE cost-benefit reports
By 2028, European Union (EU) Member States will be required to report the whole life carbon (WLC) of certain new buildings, with requirements expected to expand to all new buildings by 2030. But how prepared are different EU countries to meet these requirements?
A new set of cost-benefit reports developed under the INDICATE LIFE project examines this question. The reports cover Italy, Austria, Croatia, and Luxembourg, using real project data and national assessments to understand where things currently stand.
The findings highlight significant gaps between policy requirements and current practice. They also identify what needs to happen in the next few years.
What the reports cover
The INDICATE LIFE team conducted cost-benefit analyses in four countries at different stages of WLC implementation. Each report examines local market conditions, assesses real projects, and identifies barriers and opportunities.
The countries studied are:
Italy (led by Politecnico di Torino)
Austria (led by Ögni Austrian Sustainable Building Council)
Croatia (led by Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar)
Luxembourg (led by Ministère de l’Économie)
Each report reflects a different national context and level of market maturity but together they offer a clear picture of common challenges, risks and opportunities linked to scaling WLC across Europe.
Common findings across countries
Across countries and case studies, the reports highlight that:
WLC is gaining recognition but is not yet embedded in standard design, procurement or permitting processes.
Early design decisions, particularly around structural systems, materials and reuse, have a strong influence on WLC outcomes.
Cost–benefit considerations remain limited, with life-cycle costs, affordability and social impacts rarely assessed alongside carbon.
Data availability, skills and market readiness are persistent barriers, alongside low levels of digitalisation.
Policy design matters: poorly sequenced or unsupported regulation risks unintended economic and social impacts.
Why this matters now
The reports suggest that WLC practices are advancing across Europe, though implementation approaches differ. Most countries are still developing methodologies, establishing data systems, and building professional expertise.
The 2028 disclosure requirement sets a clear timeline, giving countries the opportunity to use these findings to prioritise their preparation efforts and pinpoint areas where additional support is needed.